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The greater use of administrative review has gone hand-in-hand with a correspondingly smaller role for the judicial control of front-line administrative decisions.A Tale of Paper: Refolded is a puzzle-platformer that tells the story of Line, a magical character made of paper who can use origami to change its shape. Summary: A Tale of Paper: Refolded is a puzzle-platformer that tells the story of Line, a magical character made of paper who can use origami to change its shape. The rst goal of this paper is to present a very simple model of optimal top labor income taxation that can capture all three avenues of response, the standard supply side response, the tax avoidance response, and the compensation bargaining response to assess how each narrative translates into tax policy implications. Start your review by referring to the title and author of the article, the title of the journal, and the year of publication in the first paragraph. In contrast to the standard, high-profile debate about the growth of judicial power and the rise of ‘juristocracy’, the recent experience of administrative review tells a different tale. In particular, we suggest this episode of de-judicialisation provides an insight into nature of judicial power in UK public law. The final part considers the wider constitutional implications of the growth of administrative review. The fourth part assesses administrative review and suggests ways of enhancing its effectiveness. ![]() The third part considers the practical operation of administrative review in both the social security and immigration contexts. The second part turns to the recent expansion of administrative review. The first part of this article discusses the need for justice within administrative decision-making and the development of tribunals. Reforms are therefore necessary to ensure administrative review can work more effectively in practice. Administrative review has largely weakened the ability of people to secure redress. This article argues that administrative review – as it currently operates – is a problematic response to the increased judicialisation of tribunals. On the other hand, there are concerns that administrative review is often an ineffective mechanism for challenging administrative decisions. Government departments have argued that administrative review can provide people with an efficient and quicker way of correcting case-working errors and thereby reducing unnecessary appeals. Within the longer arc of administrative justice developments, we suggest that administrative review should be understood as a consequence of the progressive judicialisation of tribunals. The rationale for this fundamental shift is clear: the increase in tribunal caseloads and the success rates for appellants, austerity, and political objectives (the desire to reduce social security spending and immigration rates) have prompted the Government to reduce the number of tribunal appeals by requiring individuals to use administrative review. For the last fifty years and more, individuals in receipt of a negative administrative decision could appeal directly to independent and judicial tribunals to determine their legal rights and entitlements. This is a radical change to how people access and experience justice in the public law context. The volume of disputes channelled through administrative review exceeds that of tribunals and makes judicial review appear esoteric. In immigration, long-established appeal rights have been replaced entirely by administrative review. In the social security context, the introduction of ‘mandatory reconsideration’ requires that claimants refused benefits must first seek administrative review before appealing to a tribunal. ![]() Two systems have been key to this rapid growth. Administrative review has operated in various contexts for years, but the rate of its recent expansion has been remarkable. Administrative review is the process by which an administrative decision made by a public official – to refuse benefits or immigration status – is reconsidered by a different official within the same public body.
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